| Covenantal Elements | Adamic (Creation) | Noahic | Abrahamic | Mosaic (Sinaitic) | Davidic | New Covenant | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Main Biblical Passages | Gen. 1–3 | Gen. 6–9 | Gen. 12, 15, 17 | Exo. 19–24; Deu. 5–11 | 2 Sam. 7; 1 Ch. 17; Ps. 89 | Matt. 26; Luke 22; 1 Cor. 11 | | Context of Covenant-making | The Creator-creation relationship (Gen. 1-2) | Earth corrupted by human wickedness (Gen. 6:5-13) | God called Abraham out of idolatrous Babel (Gen. 11) | God liberated Israel from slavery in Egypt (Exodus 1-15) | The return of the ark and David’s intention to build the temple (1 Ch. 16) | Holy Week leading into the Passion (Luke 22:15-16) | | Mediator | Adam | Noah | Abraham | Moses | David | Jesus Christ | | Parties (Partnership) | God & humanity + all creation | | God & Abraham + offspring | God & people of Israel | God & David + his royal line | God & redeemed people (Jew and Gentile) | | Scope | Universal | | Particular (Lineal) | Particular (National) | Particular (Dynastic) | Universal & Global | | Sign (which marks the covenantal relationship; witnesses) | Tree of Life (implied from its embodiment of covenantal promise and condition) | Rainbow (Gen. 9:13-17) | Circumcision (Gen. 17:10-14) | Sabbath (Exo. 31:12-17) & the Law (Torah: instructions of life) | The Messianic King & His everlasting Kingdom (Ps. 89) | Baptism (Col. 2:11-12) & Lord’s Supper (Luke 22:20; 1 Cor. 11:23-26) | | God’s Pledge (Blessings Promised) | God shares His purpose for the creation with His image-bearers (Gen. 1:26-31) and the promise of a Redeemer (Gen. 3:15) | Preservation of creation, never again flood judgment (Gen. 8:21-22; 9:8-17) | Offspring (Gen. 15:5; 17:4-6), land (Gen. 15:18), worldwide blessing (Gen. 12:3; cf. 22:18) | Israel becoming God’s treasured possession, a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation (Exo. 19:5-6) | An eternal dynasty and throne (House of David) through David’s Seed (2 Sam. 7:12-16; Ps. 89:28-37) | Forgiveness of sins, new heart, indwelling Spirit, eternal life (John 3:16; cf. Ez. 36:26-27; Jer. 31:33-34) | | Orientation (Responsibility) | Implied conditional (Adam’s obedience) + unconditional (God’s promise of redemption) | Unconditional/unilateral | Primarily unconditional (Abraham responds in faith, but the promise does not depend on his works) | Conditional/bilateral (the Law was given, and obedience would lead to life and blessing) | Unconditional/unilateral | Unconditional/grace-based, Spirit-empowered | | Conditions (if there are none, state why) | Obedience to God’s command (Gen. 2:16-17) | None, ongoing until final renewal (There’s one condition in Gen. 9:6, but not tied to covenant curse) | Faithful responses (Gen. 17:9-14) | Israel must keep God’s Law to enjoy God’s blessings in the Land (Deu. 30:15-20) | Discipline required for individual kings (2 Sam. 7:14, Ps. 89:30-32) | None because Christ fulfills all obedience on behalf of His people (Heb. 9:15) | | Curses (Consequences of breaking the covenant) | Death, exile from Eden (Gen. 3:14-24) | Can’t be broken because God preserves | Disobedience would bring exclusion from covenant blessings (Gen. 17:14) | Extensive curses: disease, famine, exile (Lev. 26:14-39) | No covenant curse, but disobedient kings were disciplined by exile and temporary loss of throne | Can’t be broken because Christ bears the curse of the Law (Gal. 3:13-14; cf. Jer. 31:33) | | Fulfillment in Christ (Typology) | The perfect obedience of the “Last Adam” (Rom. 5:18-19; 1 Cor. 15:22, 45) who bore the curse of death (Heb. 2:14-15) | Salvation through judgment (1 Pet. 3:20-21); preservation till final restoration (Rev. 21-22) | Jesus as true seed and heir (Gal. 3:16; Rom. 4:13), through whom all nations are blessed (Acts 3:25-26) | Jesus fulfills and surpasses Mosaic Law (Matt. 5:17; Heb. 4:15). No more condemnation (Rom. 8:1-4) | The innocent King who bore the rod of men (Isa. 53:5), rose and reign forever (Rev. 11:15) | Full fulfillment awaits the second return of Christ, when sin and death will be no more (Rev. 21:3-5) |

Main Subjects: continuity and diversity of the covenants, God’s pledge (which creates the covenant reality), and the formation of God’s covenant people.